Hypertension Affects 35-43% of South Asian Adults in U.S.

The MASALA study, a major research effort on South Asian health in the United States, found that hypertension affects roughly 35 to 43 percent of South Asian adults. Asian Indians in the U.S. have a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension before age 50 compared to other populations.

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls as the heart pumps. Readings have two numbers: systolic pressure, which measures pressure when the heart beats, and diastolic pressure, which measures pressure between beats. A diagnosis of high blood pressure is usually based on the average of two or more readings taken on separate visits.

Hypertension is classified into two main types. Primary hypertension, which accounts for 90 to 95 percent of cases, develops gradually and is driven by genetics, lifestyle, age, and salt consumption. Secondary hypertension, which is more prevalent in young adults, is caused by underlying conditions such as endocrine disorders, oral contraceptives, or overuse of medications like decongestants.

In Indians, stress and unhealthy lifestyle habits are among the most significant contributors to primary hypertension. Both acute and chronic stress trigger hormones like adrenaline and cortisol that temporarily increase heart rate and blood pressure. When stress becomes chronic, this pressure does not ease up, raising the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease over time.

Treatment strategies vary by stage, starting with lifestyle changes and adding medication as needed. For South Asians, earlier intervention and stricter monitoring are recommended due to a genetically higher risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease. Evidence-based lifestyle changes include weight loss, the DASH diet, sodium reduction, regular exercise, and stress management.