Hypertension affects 35-43% of South Asian adults in US

Blood pressure readings consist of two numbers: systolic pressure, which measures the force in arteries when the heart beats, and diastolic pressure, which measures the force between beats. A diagnosis of hypertension typically relies on the average of two or more readings taken on separate visits. The American Heart Association categorizes blood pressure into five ranges, and a higher systolic or diastolic reading may confirm the condition.

Primary hypertension, which accounts for 90-95% of all cases, develops gradually and is driven by genetics, lifestyle, age, and salt consumption. Secondary hypertension, more common in young adults, can stem from endocrine disorders such as thyroid issues or primary aldosteronism, as well as from certain medications including oral contraceptives, over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen and naproxen, decongestants, or illicit substances.

In South Asians, chronic stress and unhealthy lifestyle habits are among the most significant contributors to primary hypertension. Stress triggers the release of hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, which temporarily raise heart rate and blood pressure. When stress persists, this elevation does not ease, increasing the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease over time.

Managing hypertension in South Asians requires earlier intervention and stricter monitoring due to a genetically higher risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease. Treatment ranges from lifestyle changes such as sodium reduction and increased exercise for elevated blood pressure, to single or multiple medications for higher stages. In emergencies, readings of 180/120 mm Hg or above with symptoms like chest pain or shortness of breath require immediate medical attention.